1. The age of the Galaxy is determined by
   (A) the age of the oldest meteorites.
   (B) the tightness of the spiral arms.
   (C) the amount of hydrogen left in the Galaxy.
   (D) the age of the least massive star.
   (E) the age of the oldest globular clusters.

2. To determine the mass of a spiral galaxy, you can use
   (A) the galactic rotation curve and Kepler's Third Law.
   (B) stellar velocity dispersion and Kepler's Third Law.
   (C) the galactic rotation curve and conservation of angular momentum.
   (D) stellar velocity dispersion and conservation of angular momentum.
   (E) the observed stellar velocities and their masses.

3. Type Ia supernovae are believed to originate from white dwarfs. When can a white dwarf become a supernova?
   (A) When it stops burning hydrogen in its core.
   (B) When it cools into a brown dwarf.
   (C) After it reaches the maximum in its magnetic activity cycle.
   (D) When it receives too much mass from a binary companion.
   (E) When it runs out fissionable fuel.

4. Why do astronomers believe that the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way Galaxy are orbiting one another?
   (A) The Andromeda Galaxy is moving toward us.
   (B) Ancient Chinese astronomical records show the Andromeda Galaxy has moved in the sky.
   (C) Tidal interactions between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.
   (D) The Andromeda Galaxy is really a HII region inside the Milky Way.
   (E) The books say so.

5. What tries to slow down the expansion of the universe?
   (A) gravity
   (B) thermal pressure
   (C) the magnetic field
   (D) the Cosmological Constant
   (E) nothing

6. To determine the mass of an elliptical galaxy, you can use
   (A) the stellar velocity dispersion measured from absorption lines.
   (B) the stellar velocity dispersion measured with the 21-cm line.
   (C) the galactic rotation curve.
   (D) the total star light.
   (E) the radio emission from its center.

7. In what wavelength can we see the stars at the Galactic center?
   (A) gamma ray
   (B) X-ray
   (C) visible light
   (D) infrared
   (E) radio

8. The center of the galaxy is speculated to contain a black hole. Its mass can be determined by the orbital velocities of stars near the galactic center and
   (A) Kepler's Third Law.
   (B) period-luminosity relation.
   (C) mass-luminosity relation.
   (D) turnoff point of their HR diagram.
   (E) conservation of angular momentum.

9. In the center of a rich, regular cluster of galaxies in the nearby Universe, there are usually
   (A) one or two giant spirals.
   (B) many Seyfert galaxies.
   (C) many quasars.
   (D) one or two giant ellipticals.
   (E) missing Florida ballot boxes.

10. These objects (from the previous question) are there because of
    (A) frequent collisions among galaxies.
    (B) strong magnetic fields.
    (C) the presence of dark matter.
    (D) the presence of many black holes.
    (E) a dimpled chad and a pregnant chad.

11. The existence of dark matter was first determined by
    (A) its blackbody radiation in IR away from the Galactic plane.
    (B) its blackbody radiation in radio away from the Galactic center.
    (C) UV observations made by HST.
    (D) a gravitational lensing experiment.
    (E) the mass of the Galaxy implied by its flat rotation curve.

12. The Local Group of galaxies consists of
    (A) all spiral galaxies.
    (B) all elliptical galaxies.
    (C) spirals and ellipticals all about the same size.
    (D) a few large ellipticals and many smaller spirals and irregulars.
    (E) a few large spirals and many smaller ellipticals and irregulars.

13. The Hubble Law says that
    (A) spherical aberration can cause bad images.
    (B) a Cepheid's pulsation period is related to its luminosity.
    (C) a galaxy that is farther away will have a larger radial velocity.
    (D) a galaxy's rotation period is related to its age.
    (E) manual recounts are unnecessary because machine counts are perfect.

14. Cepheids in other nearby galaxies
    (A) are variable.
    (B) obey the period-luminosity relation.
    (C) can be used to determine the galaxy's distance.
    (D) all of the above.
    (E) none of the above.

15. What do astronomers use to determine the size of a quasar?
    (A) gravitational lensing
    (B) measuring its magnetic field
    (C) parallax measurements
    (D) optical interferometry
    (E) the variation of its brightness

16. A QSO is about the same size as
    (A) the Earth.
    (B) the Sun.
    (C) the solar system.
    (D) a globular cluster.
    (E) the Milky Way.

17. Which of the following observation establishes that quasars are at cosmological distances?
    (A) parallax
    (B) Cepheid variables
    (C) their large redshifts
    (D) their very small angular diameters
    (E) Lyman alpha absorption lines

18. The Tully-Fisher relation says that which two characteristics of a spiral galaxy are related?
    (A) rotation curve and luminosity
    (B) radius and width of the 21-cm line
    (C) stellar velocity dispersion and luminosity
    (D) width of the 21-cm line and luminosity
    (E) stellar velocity dispersion and mass

19. Along with hydrogen, which of the following elements were created in the ``Big Bang''?
    (A) helium
    (B) carbon
    (C) iron
    (D) all of the above
    (E) none of the above

20. What is the power source of active galactic nuclei?
    (A) accretion onto a massive black hole
    (B) supernova blast waves
    (C) merging galactic nuclei
    (D) gravitational contraction
    (E) Illinois Power

21. At large redshifts, which of the following galactic types is most frequently observed?
    (A) elliptical
    (B) irregular
    (C) spiral
    (D) dwarf spheroidal
    (E) all of the above

22. What observational evidence supports the ``Big Bang'' hypothesis?
    (A) the presence of the Cosmic Microwave Background
    (B) the observed helium abundance
    (C) almost all galaxies show redshifts
    (D) all of the above
    (E) none of the above

23. What are the three main types of galaxies?
    (A) interacting, binary, and solitary
    (B) barred spiral, normal spiral, and elliptical
    (C) disk, bulge, and halo
    (D) spiral, elliptical, and irregular
    (E) dimpled, pregnant, and hanging

24. Some galaxies seen edge-on show a dark band in the middle. What causes this?
    (A) a lack of stars in the galactic plane
    (B) dark matter
    (C) obscuration by dust
    (D) gravitational lensing
    (E) lots of black holes

25. Gravitational lensing can be used to
    (A) determine the age of the universe.
    (B) determine the mass of the Milky Way.
    (C) determine the mass of an object that is not seen in visible light.
    (D) determine the composition of the intergalactic medium.
    (E) focus gravitational waves as a renewable energy source.

26. What is responsible for keeping hot gas in clusters of galaxies?
    (A) conservation of angular momentum
    (B) gravitational field of dark matter
    (C) containment by the magnetic field
    (D) lack of stellar wind outside of galaxies
    (E) nothing - there is no hot gas in galaxy clusters

27. The distribution of galaxies in the Universe shows
    (A) clusters.
    (B) voids.
    (C) filaments.
    (D) walls.
    (E) all of the above.

28. The primary factor responsible for creating a spiral galaxy rather than an elliptical galaxy is most likely
    (A) mass.
    (B) size.
    (C) luminosity.
    (D) magnetic field.
    (E) angular momentum.

29. The Cosmic Microwave Background
    (A) is seen around the whole sky.
    (B) shows only small scale fluctuations.
    (C) is blackbody radiation at a temperature of about 3 degrees Kelvin.
    (D) is left over from the ``Big Bang''.
    (E) all of the above.

30. If you plot the redshift vs. the distance for galaxies, you would obtain a straight line. This means that if galaxy A is twice as far away as galaxy B it would
    (A) recede 1/4 as fast.
    (B) recede half as fast.
    (C) recede at the same speed.
    (D) recede twice as fast.
    (E) recede four times as fast.

31. To determine the distance to the farthest galaxies, you could use
    (A) parallax.
    (B) globular clusters.
    (C) supernovae.
    (D) Cepheids.
    (E) proper motion.

32. From the Milky Way, almost all galaxies are redshifted. If you went to a galaxy in the nearby Virgo cluster, how would things appear?
    (A) Almost all of the galaxies would be blueshifted.
    (B) Galaxies in the direction of the Milky Way would be blueshifted, but the rest would be redshifted.
    (C) Almost all of the galaxies would be redshifted.
    (D) Galaxies in the direction of the Milky Way would be reshifted, but the rest would be blueshifted.
    (E) There's no way to tell.

33. What does the Hubble Constant measure?
    (A) the density of the intergalactic medium
    (B) how fast the Universe is expanding
    (C) the speed of light
    (D) the gravitational force of the Great Attractor
    (E) the imperfections of the Space Telescopes's mirror

34. Which of the following is true about quasars?
    (A) Quasars are the active nuclei of distant galaxies.
    (B) Quasars are equally populous at all redshifts.
    (C) There is a quasar in the Local Group cluster of galaxies.
    (D) Quasars are ejected by active galaxies at high velocities.
    (E) Most quasars do not emit radio radiation.

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